S 1391 - Advanced Young Sex

After S.B. 1391 was passed, prosecutors around the state filed challenges to the law saying that changing the age for transfer was an improper amendment of Proposition 57. Courts of Appeal across the state rejected the challenges, concluding that the law should be upheld as constitutional. The State Attorney General filed briefs supporting the constitutionality of the measure. The O.G. case was an outlier, and not surprisingly, it was accepted as the lead case, with a string of at least six cases reaching an opposite conclusion held behind it. Two additional cases finding the law constitutional became final and are published.

The decision to prosecute youth as adults in California is a decision that is reserved almost exclusively for youth of color. Black, Brown, and Indigenous young people bear the brunt of justice system involvement at every decision-making point but particularly the most punitive and harmful decisions. Both Proposition 57 and SB 1391 were enacted with these disparities in mind and with acknowledgement that like white youth, youth of color deserve to be treated as children.

s 1391 - Advanced Young Sex

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"We applaud the Supreme Court's decision to uphold the constitutionality of SB 1391. But more important than its constitutionality, at its heart S.B. 1391 was always about believing in the potential of young people to grow and thrive, and reversing the punitive and racist punishment system that equates public safety with incarceration. It's unfortunate that the District Attorneys chose to waste resources to advance their power to try youth as adults, instead of focusing on rehabilitative measures for youth."

Feature Papers represent the most advanced research with significant potential for high impact in the field. FeaturePapers are submitted upon individual invitation or recommendation by the scientific editors and undergo peer reviewprior to publication.

Frigerio, G.; Favero, C.; Savino, D.; Mercadante, R.; Albetti, B.; Dioni, L.; Vigna, L.; Bollati, V.; Pesatori, A.C.; Fustinoni, S. Plasma Metabolomic Profiling in 1391 Subjects with Overweight and Obesity from the SPHERE Study. Metabolites 2021, 11, 194.

Frigerio G, Favero C, Savino D, Mercadante R, Albetti B, Dioni L, Vigna L, Bollati V, Pesatori AC, Fustinoni S. Plasma Metabolomic Profiling in 1391 Subjects with Overweight and Obesity from the SPHERE Study. Metabolites. 2021; 11(4):194.

Frigerio, Gianfranco, Chiara Favero, Diego Savino, Rosa Mercadante, Benedetta Albetti, Laura Dioni, Luisella Vigna, Valentina Bollati, Angela Cecilia Pesatori, and Silvia Fustinoni. 2021. "Plasma Metabolomic Profiling in 1391 Subjects with Overweight and Obesity from the SPHERE Study" Metabolites 11, no. 4: 194.

Out of the 69 DS cases studied, 67 were free trisomy 21, two cases were mosaic trisomy 21 and there were none with translocation. The number of DS births was greater for the young age mothers compared with the advanced age mothers. It has also been recorded that young age mothers (18 to 29 years) born to their mothers at the age 30 years and above produced as high as 91.3% of children with DS. The logistic regression of case- control study of DS children revealed that the odds ratio of age of grandmother was significant when all the four variables were used once at a time. However, the effect of age of mother and father was smaller than the effect of age of maternal grandmother. Therefore, for every year of advancement of age of the maternal grandmother, the risk (odds) of birth of DS baby increases by 30%.

Table 1 presents the age of parents and number of children born in 69 DS and 200 control families. Figure 1 illustrates the pedigree of families of 19 years young mother (a), 26 years young mother (b) and 33 years advanced age mother (c) with DS children. Perusal of the pedigree indicates the relationship of age of mother and maternal grandmother in the family. The pedigrees show the order of birth of mother and father and also DS children. The information of parental age was used to relate the age of the grandmother.

Pedigree of families of 19 years young mother (a) and 26 years young mother (b) and 33 years advanced age mother (c) with DS children. The Roman number in the left side of the figure indicates the number of generations. The Arabic number below the symbol denotes the number of individuals in that generation. The number inside the symbol of grandmother represents the age when she gave birth to the mother of DS. The number inside the symbol of father and mother in the 2nd generation indicates their age when they gave birth to DS child. The arrow directed to the shaded symbol in the 3rd generation represents the DS child. These are the representative pedigrees out of 69 DS families.

Taking into the cognizance of these informations, we propose that advanced age of grandmother is responsible to bring disturbance in the meiosis of her daughter when the grandmother conceived. At the advanced age the grandmother's reproductive system may fails to make the essential proteins like spindle associated proteins, factors responsible for resting of oocyte, chiasma-binding proteins, DNA repair enzymes, etc. which are needed for proper meiotic segregation in the germ cells of her daughter. The non-availability or non-functioning of proteins leads to impairment in the meiotic process, which in turn results in nondisjunction of chromosome 21 in the oocyte of the daughter. This event takes place during the embryogenesis of the mothers of the DS children when she was in grandmother's womb. It is also possible that recombination is reduced in the oocytes, which brings about the nondisjunction of chromosome 21. Therefore, DS not only depends on the age of the mother but also on the age of the maternal grandmother which results in nondisjunction of chromosome 21.

The information pertaining to the age of grandmother, father and mother, as well as consanguinity were recorded during the data collection by interviewing the family members. However, birth records of a few individuals were not available. Although controls were selected randomly in different locations of Mysore including all the religions, this selection cannot be absolute because some of the families did not agree for investigation. These findings can be applied to the families with larger progenies in India or elsewhere. Further investigations are needed to understand the importance of chiasma formation and factors responsible for the proper meiotic segregation of germ cells during the foetal development in the advanced age mothers.

We performed GWAS of 1391 plasma metabolites in 6136 men from the late-settlement region of Finland. We sought to identify putative causal variants and genes for the resulting genetic associations, and interrogated disease molecular mechanisms by integrating metabolite and disease genetic associations. We identified 2030 association signals for 803 metabolites, including 157 signals for 125 metabolites at 121 rare variants. We identified 303 association signals for 201 metabolites as novel, including 64 signals for 58 metabolites at 51 rare variants.

In summary, we performed parallel GWAS for 1391 plasma metabolites in 6136 adult Finnish males from the METSIM study, colocalized metabolite and disease genetic associations, and made these GWAS results available using PheWeb. Our findings reveal genetic determinants for a wide range of plasma metabolites and demonstrate the utility of metabolite genetic associations for the investigation of disease biology.

We built a PheWeb browser59 of the 1391 metabolite GWAS to support interactive visualization, exploration, and download of these results. This PheWeb ( -metab) includes Manhattan and quantile-quantile plots, summary statistics, and links to biochemical characteristics and functions in the Human Metabolome Database (HMDB)60 for all 1391 metabolites.

Natural History. PD is characterized by symptoms with a variable course, some of which may improve or resolve without treatment in some patients. Mulhall (2006) reported on 246 men newly-diagnosed with PD who had no medical treatment and were followed for at least 12 months.7 At follow-up, all patients who had reported pain at baseline indicated improvement in pain and most (89%) reported complete resolution of pain. Among men with curvature, 12% had improvement, 40% remained stable, and 48% had worsened curvature. Berookhim (2014) reported on 176 men with uniplanar curvature who opted for no treatment and were followed for at least 12 months.5 Sixty-seven percent experienced no change in curvature, 12% improved (mean 27 degree change), and 21% worsened (mean 22 degree change). Men who experienced no change were more likely to be older and to have had symptoms for greater than six months. Men who experienced improvement were more likely to be younger and to have had symptoms for less than six months. Paulis & Cavallini (2013) followed 82 patients who refused PD treatment for approximately 18 months.25 Among patients with pain, 26% had pain disappearance, 37% had pain improvement, 13% had worsened pain, and 26% had unchanged pain. Among patients with curvature, 7% had reduction (mean 5.8 degrees), 11% had no change, and 82% had curvature that worsened (men 12.3 degrees). Plaque volume increased in nearly all patients (96%) but increases were greater among patients age 50 years experienced worsened curvature during follow-up. Significant predictors of worsened curvature were the presence of diabetes and, in contrast to Berookhim (2014), younger age. However, the two studies differ greatly in follow-up duration (>6 years in Grasso, 2007, compared to 12 months in Berookhim, 2014). Pain resolved in more patients > 50 years of age (69%) than in patients Impact on Psychosocial Functioning and QoL). These data also highlight the challenge to interpret studies that are not designed to control for the passage of time. 2ff7e9595c